How to Create Strong Passwords

How to Create Strong Passwords

Choose a password with the following criteria:

• At least 8 characters in length
• At least 1 number
• At least 1 special character like & or *
• Both upper and lowercase characters.

Passwords with difficult combinations make it harder for password cracking tools to figure out your password.

Don't use personal information such as birthdays, children names, or first and last names when creating a password. Avoid using words or phrases that could be found in a dictionary or easily guessed.

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Password Safety 101

Don't share your password with others including your spouse, children, Help Desk personnel or System Administrators at work. IT professionals at your job or Internet Service Provider (ISP) will not normally ask you for your password.

If the IT professionals at your job need it, give it to them in person and ensure you change it as soon as they are done with their task. You may even want to change your password first to something generic, give the IT person THAT password, then change it back when they are done with their task.

Be aware of a common tactic used by hackers, in which they call up unsuspecting users and pretend to be from the computer support staff. This is more likely to happen in very large companies where users might not know everyone on the IT staff.

Another tactic is to send a legitimate looking email asking the user to type their password into what looks like a legitimate site; this practice is known as "phishing." Be aware that a legitimate businesses will NEVER ask you to submit personal information via email.

Also, be vigilant.. these phishing scams are not easy to spot. I make my living as an email administrator, and I was almost taken in by one of these scams. The email was supposedly from my AT&T Internet service account. I pay it each month on one of my credit cards. The email was "notifying" me that my credit card had expired and that I needed to update my credit card information to continue my service. There was just enough truth in the way the email was written that I actually started to click on the button to do it. Thankfully, my brain kicked in and I caught myself before I made the blunder.

If you use the web to access important personal information, such as online banking or health records, ensure that the website offering the service uses some type of secured method of encryption.

You can determine this by checking to see that the website's address (URL) begins with an "https://" (Note the extra "s").

Also, look for a yellow lock in the bottom right hand corner of the website page. That's an indication of SSL security being enforced.

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Computer Hardware maintenance Tips

Computer hardware troubleshooting is a lot easier than software troubleshooting. Either your mouse, monitor or keyboard works or it doesn't. Here's a list of tips, questions and advice to fix your computer hardware problems.

Monitor Questions and Tips

Computer hardware troubleshooting for monitors is complicated by the fact that there are so many different monitor manufacturers.

The hardware questions below are basic and common to most monitors. If you have a monitor issue that isn't addressed here, a good place to check for answers is at the monitor manufacturer's website.

Where do I adjust my monitor settings?

Monitor adjustments are located in the Display properties of Windows. To get there:
• Right click on your Windows desktop and left click Properties.
• Click on Settings and then Advanced button.
• Alternatively, some of the newer monitors install a configuration manager. It would have it's own tab on the Advanced properties window (For example, NVIDIA is common monitor configuration manager).

My monitor display looks strange.

This is one of those computer hardware troubleshooting questions that is best answer in person. However, there are some basics you can check:

If your monitor has black around the edges or the image displayed looks weird, you may have the wrong resolution chosen for that monitor. For instance if you have a wide screen monitor and choose a square resolution like 1024x768, it won't display correctly. In addition, the wrong monitor driver might have gotten installed. Go to the monitor manufacturer's website to download the correct driver and install it.

My computer screen is sideways!

Some computer monitors can be rotated, so there are video cards which support that rotation. For example, web designers and artists use rotating wide screen monitors to look at long pages. To turn ON this feature, you probably pressed CTRL + ALT + Left Arrow. To turn if OFF, simply press CTRL + ALT + Up Arrow instead.

Monitor says "No signal or No signal input".

Usually this means your monitor is turned on, but your computer is not. If your computer is on, and you get this error, it means the cable from the computer to the monitor is loose or unplugged.

How do I change the resolution of my screen?

1. Right click on the Windows desktop (where there is no icon).
2. Click on Properties from the menu that appears.
3. Click on the Settings tab.
4. Slide the resolution bar to where you want it to be. An 800x600 will look larger than a 1024x768 resolution.
5. Click Apply. Windows will give you a dialog box asking if you want to keep the new resolution. Click Yes.

I've got mouse problems.. the cursor is acting strange.
Computer hardware troubleshooting for mice is different for wired versus wireless mice, so I've broken the answer up for both types.
Wireless Mice:

My wireless mouse cursor jumps and won't go where I want it to go. Solution: Turn over the mouse and see if there is lint or hair or something blocking the hole where the optical laser head is located. It will be a hole in the bottom of any optical mouse.Also, make sure you aren't using a reflective mouse pad. Dell used to make a mousepad that had shiny diamond shapes in it.. My optical mouse would act crazy on that pad, because the shiny pattern was interfering with the laser positioning.

Wired Mice:

My wired mouse cursor won't move. Solution: This is usually an issue with the old track ball mice. Gunk builds up on the wheels and ball of the mouse, and causes it to stick. To fix it, unscrew the cap on the bottom of the mouse that holds in the ball, and swab the insides out with a Q-tip soaked in alcohol. Do not wash the mouse in water, unless you want to buy a new mouse.

My new mouse has features I want to turn off or on.

To turn mouse features on or off, go to Start, Control Panel, Mouse. You can see all the tabs and features there.

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Computer hardware troubleshooting can be complicated, but most of the time, the problem is a basic connection or driver issue.
The list above goes over the most common computer hardware troubleshooting problems and answers. I don't profess to be a hardware guru but if you've got a basic question I didn't answer here, let me know, and I'll do my best to help you out.

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General Computer Maintenance Tips

General Computer Maintenance Tips:

• Keep all of your working files in one folder. The My Documents folder is offered by Windows expressly for this purpose. The benefits of keeping all your files in one place are multiple. One, you know where all your files are, two, it's easy to back them all up at once, and three, your machine will run faster.
  
• Don't put your personal files on the root of the C: drive. If you store a large number of files in the root folder, you could corrupt your disk file table which could lead to a "NTLDR is missing" error message when you boot the computer. Very bad. If you have personal files on the C: drive now, move them to the My Documents folder.
  
• Uninstall programs that you are not using. But don’t just delete the program. Remove it correctly so you won’t cause Windows errors. Go to Start, Control Panel, Add or Remove Programs. Find the program you want to remove in the list, and click the Remove button.
  
• If you download a zip file and expand it, delete the original zip file when you are done.
  
• Store your hardware drivers and purchased software installer files off your hard drive. A flash drive works great for this purpose.
  
• If you aren’t already using one, get a good surge protector and plug your computer and peripherals into it. If you live in an area with bad lightening storms, unplug you computer and peripherals during the storm.
  
• Practice safe computing. Don't accept software or downloads for which you didn’t ask. Delete any suspicious email without opening it. And even if the email came from your best friend, don't open any email attachments with the following extensions: * .exe, .com, .vbs, .bat, .mdb, .reg, and .js

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Scheduled Computer Maintenance Tips:

Daily computer maintenance tips

• Update your anti-virus scan and anti-spyware definitions, if they aren’t being done automatically.
  
• Back up any critical files that you have changed today to your flash drive.

Weekly computer maintenance tips:

• Make sure your anti-virus and anti-spyware programs have been updated with the latest definitions, and run a full scan from both programs.
  
• Reboot your computer. (If you shutdown your computer each night, disregard this tip). If you leave your computer on all the time, definitely do this. It will reset the RAM, and your computer will run much better and faster.

Monthly computer maintenance tips:

• Clean up your temp files, your temporary internet files, and other junk files about once a month. To do this easily, you can either download my favorite program for cleaning, CCleaner or run the built-in Windows Disk Cleanup tool.
  
• Ensure you have the latest Windows updates installed. Go to Internet Explorer, Tools, Windows Update. Click on the Custom button. (I always use the Custom button so I can check what’s going to be installed before it gets installed). Windows update may ask you to download and install the latest version of itself. Go ahead and do that, then click Close when it’s finished, and then Continue. It will then check again for real updates and offer those. Choose which updates you want to install. Uncheck the ones you don’t want to install.
  
• Clean out your email, paying special attention to your Inbox and Sent box. The easiest way I’ve found is to sort your email box by size of the message, and delete the largest unneeded emails first.

Quarterly computer maintenance tips:

• Change your passwords (Yes, I know this is a pain, I hear you groaning. But it’s really a good idea to do this).
  
• If you have a mouse with a roller ball (non-optical) clean it out. Use a Q-tip and some isopropyl alcohol to clean the ball and the internal rollers. Remove any caked on grease, oil, and dust that may have accumulated.
  
• Check to see if you need to defragment your computer’s hard drive. To do this in Windows XP, go to Start, All Programs, Accessories, Systems Tools, Disk Defragmenter. Run an analysis first by clicking the Analyze button. Go do something else while it runs. Windows will tell you if it needs to be defragmented. If it does, click on the Defragment button, and again go do something else while your computer runs this.
  For Windows Vista, this computer maintenance tip is a little different: Go to Start, All Programs, and click on Accessories. Find Systems Tools, Disk Defragmenter and click on it. Vista will ask you for permission to continue. Click Continue. Vista doesn't give you the ability to choose to defragment, it just assumes you want to and presents a schedule to do so. You can stick with the suggested schedule, or modify it. If you want to kick off the defrag process immediately, click the Defragment Now button. It will then ask you which drive you want to defrag. Uncheck the drives you don't want to defrag, and then click OK.
  
• Check all your computer cables and make sure they are plugged in tight, and not being pinched or pulled in a way that is damaging them.
  
• Check your C: drive (hard disk) for disk errors. NOTE: please make sure you have a current backup of your files before you run a check disk command. (Also, do this immediately if you see a message stating that your Windows “volume is dirty”).
  To run a check disk manually on your C: drive, do this:
  
  1. Click Start, select Run.
  2. In the box, type cmd and click Ok. In the black DOS window, type: chkdsk c: /f (The /f command automatically fixes any errors encountered.
  3. Go to Start, Shutdown, and restart the computer. When the computer restarts, it will run chkdsk automatically. The Check Disk process could take over an hour, so schedule this when you have something else non-computer related to do. On rebooting the PC, you will see a window that shows the progress of the disk check. When it's finished,, it will boot back to the normal version of Windows.

Disclaimer included below. Opening your computer case could void your warranty, and expose you to possible electric shock. Please be careful.
6 month computer maintenance tips:

• Go on dust patrol. FIRST, TURN OFF and UNPLUG your computer from the electrical socket. Blow out your keyboard with a compressed air can, and then turn it over and tap it with your hand a few times to shake out any other junk. Brush off the dust bunnies from your PC fan (and any other parts in the back of the PC). Also, open the computer case and GENTLY blow or vacuum out any dust in there, especially around the CPU chip (the big square chip on the mother board).
  MAKE SURE you touch something metal to ground yourselfbefore you open the case and reach in there. Even the slightest static electricity zap can ruin a computer chip. This step is especially important if you live in a dusty place like Wyoming.

Annual computer maintenance tips:

• Check to see if you have the latest hardware drivers loaded for your printer, monitor and other peripherals.

I hope these computer maintenance tips help your computer run better and faster.

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Create table in mysql

click here to download DBMS 1 practical 5
answers for dbms 1 practical 5


create table dept_1 (
dno int primary key,
dname varchar(30)
);




create table emp (
eno int primary key,
nic varchar(30),
ename varchar(30),
address varchar(30),
dnum int
references dept_1(dno)
);




create table project_1(
pno int primary key,
pname varchar(30),
location varchar(30),
);


create table worked_on(
eno int,
pno int,
hired_date datetime,
houres int,
primary key (eno,pno),
constraint worked_on_fk1 foreign key (eno)
references emp,
constraint worked_on_fk2 foreign key (pno)
references project_1


);






insert into dept_1 values(5,'IT')
insert into dept_1 values(6,'IS')
insert into dept_1 values(7,'CSN')
insert into dept_1 values(8,'IT')




insert into emp values(100,'901250087V','Smith,John B','731 Fondren Houston',5)
insert into emp values(101,'895290452V','Wrong, Franklin T.','638 Voss Houston',5)
insert into emp values(102,'923859070V','Zelaya,f Alicia J.','33321 Castle Spring',4)
insert into emp values(103,'918257988V','Wallace, Jennifer S','291 Berry Bellaria',4)
insert into emp values(104,'904850045V','Narayan, Remesh K.','975 Fire Oak Humble',5)
insert into emp values(105,'889950600V','English, Joyce A.','5631 Rice Houston',1)
insert into emp values(106,'915850123V','Jabbar, Ahamad V','980 Dallas Housr',1)




insert into project_1 values(1,'Road Construction','Bellaire')
insert into project_1 values(2,'Power plant','Sugarland')
insert into project_1 values(3,'Reproduction','Houston')
insert into project_1 values(4,'Recycling','Stafford')




insert into worked_on values(100,1,12-04-2011,12)
insert into worked_on values(101,2,25-02-2011,1)
insert into worked_on values(102,3,15-05-2011,20)
insert into worked_on values(103,4,02-06-2011,50)
insert into worked_on values(104,5,08-06-2011,5)
insert into worked_on values(105,6,12-07-2011,3)
insert into worked_on values(106,7,20-07-2011,40)
insert into worked_on values(100,1,18-05-2011,1)
insert into worked_on values(100,1,01-07-2011,11)
insert into worked_on values(100,1,27-06-2011,1)

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Database management systems DBMS

download practical 3 question DBMS 1
answers for dbms 1 practical 3

--Q1
select *
from customer
order by customer_num desc;


--Q2
select *
from customer
where lname like '[A-G]%'
order by state,city;


--Q3
select stock_num,manu_code,unit_price as old_price,unit_price*115/100 as new_price
from stock
where manu_code='ANZ';


--Q4
select *
from items;


select COUNT(*)
from items;


--Q5
select *
from customer


select COUNT(*)
from customer;


--Q6
select *
from orders;


select AVG(ship_charge)as average
from orders;


--Q7
select MAX(ship_charge)as max, MIN(ship_charge)as min
from orders;


--Q8
select COUNT(*)
from stock
where description='baseball gloves';


--Q9


select *
from stock;


select AVG(unit_price)
from stock
where description='tennis racquet';


--Q10
select stock_num,manu_code,unit_price as old_price,unit_price*115/100 as new_price,
round(unit_price*115/100,1)
from stock
where manu_code='ANZ';


--Q11
select  sum(unit_price) as sum
from stock;


--Q12
select MAX(quantity) as highest_quantity_ordered
from items;


--Q13
select *
from stock;


select COUNT(distinct manu_code)
from stock;

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Database management systems

download practical 2 question

select *
from customer;


--Q2
select fname,lname
from customer
where state='FL';


--Q3
select address1,address2
from customer
where customer_num='16';


--Q4
select fname,lname
from customer
where state='CA' and city like 'Redwood%';


--Q5
select *
from manufact
where manu_code='NRG';


--Q6
select *
from stock;


select unit_price,description,manu_code
from stock
where manu_code='HRO' or manu_code= 'HSK';


--Q7
select *
from orders;


--Q8
select *
from stock
where unit_price between 100 and 250;


--Q9
select customer_num,fname,lname
from customer
where city is NULL;


--Q10
select *
from orders
where backlog is NULL;


--Q11
select *
from orders
where order_num in (5, 8 ,10);


--Q12
select fname,lname,city,phone
from customer
where state in ('FL','NJ','NY','MA');


--Q13
select *
from manufact
where manu_code like 'H%';


--Q14
select *
from manufact
where manu_name like '[A-N]%';


--Q15
select fname,lname
from customer
where lname like '[D-H]%' or 'R%'

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Stacks & Queues

Stacks & Queues

Stack ADT definition:

A stack is a linear sequence of data of the same type.  It can be likened to a stack of plates at a diner.  The plates are taken off in a "last in, first out" order.

operations of a stack:

they have top and bottom

can put on top and take off top ONLY

key words to remember:

push - to push is to place an item on the top of a stack.

pop - to pop from a stack is to remove an item from the top.

top - refers to the top of the stack.

Pop does not return the value of the top of stack.  It just removes it.

Example of Stack class:

class Stack

{

char ar[50];     // type of data in stack

int n;          // number of elements in stack

public:

     Stack();

void push(char);

void pop();

char top()const;

bool empty()const;

bool full()const;

int size()const;

};

/********************************/

Stack::Stack()

{

     n=0;     // says no elements in array

}

/********************************/

bool Stack::empty()

{

return (n==0);     // evaluates ==0 for true and != 0 for false

}

/********************************/

bool Stack::full()

{

     return (n==50);  // or use symbolic constant

}

/********************************/

void Stack::push(char c)

{

     if(n==50)

          return;     // stack is full

     // insert onto stack

     ar[n] = c;  // or optional ar[n++] = c

     n++;

}

/*********************************/

Stack::pop()

{

     if (empty)

return;

     n--;

}

Queue:  (FIFO or first in first out)

an abstract data type which is a sequence of data of the same type

it has a front and a back.

works well for list of things to do like print spoolers

array implementation is for a set size of queue

linked list implementation which are much more efficient

functions of a queue:

push( )         to push a value onto the queue.

pop( )          to pop a value off of the queue.

front( )         similar to top( ) in a stack so you can examine.

In an array implementation of a queue you can push something onto the front of the list and then push another element on.  You can keep track of the list size.  

Problem with the array implementation is that you can keep track of size but when you pull off the front, you have to move all other values down.  This takes time and resources.

Solution is to keep track of the first and last numbers in the queue.  As you add in, the back moves. And  as you pop things off, the front moves as well.  This is still a problem because you eventually run out of room in the queue.  Or… an even better solution to this problem is a circular queue.  This brings us to yet another new data structure:

deque:  (pronounced deck)

a deque is a linear data structure with a sequence of elements.  It is a special case of a queue has both a front and a back.  It is essentially a double ended queue.  The main difference is that you can push and pop off of either the front or back.

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